Rewriting the stars: Surface tensions and gender troubles in the online media production of digital deepfakes

 Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, Volume 27, Issue 4; https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211029412

Autor: Christopher Holliday; Department of Liberal Arts, King’s College London, London, UK; christopher.holliday@kcl.ac.uk; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1261-5024. 

Keywords: digital; stardom; hollywood; performance; cinephilia; internet; computer; technology.

Abstract: This article examines a cross-section of viral Deepfake videos that utilise the recognisable physiognomies of Hollywood film stars to exhibit the representative possibilities of Deepfakes as a sophisticated technology of illusion. Created by a number of online video artists, these convincing ‘mash-ups’ playfully rewrite film history by retrofitting canonical cinema with new star performers, from Jim Carrey in The Shining (Stanley Kubrick, 1980) to Tom Cruise in American Psycho (Mary Harron, 2000). The particular remixing of stardom in these videos can – as this article contends – be situated within the technological imaginary of ‘take two’ cinephilia, and the ‘technological performativity of digitally remastered sounds and images’ in an era of ‘the download, the file swap, [and] the sampling’ (Elsaesser 2005: 36–40). However, these ‘take two’ Deepfake cyberstars further aestheticize an entertaining surface tension between coherency and discontinuity, and in their modularity function as ‘puzzling’ cryptograms written increasingly in digital code. Fully representing the star-as-rhetorical digital asset, Deepfakes therefore make strange contemporary Hollywood’s many digitally mediated performances, while the reskinning of (cisgender white male) stars sharpens the ontology of gender as it is understood through discourses of performativity (Butler 1990; 2004). By identifying Deepfakes as a ‘take two’ undoing, this article frames their implications for the cultural politics of identity; Hollywood discourses of hegemonic masculinity; overlaps with non-normative subjectivities, ‘body narratives’ and ‘second skins’ (Prosser 1998); and how star-centred Deepfakes engage gender itself as a socio-techno phenomenon of fakery that is produced – and reproduced – over time.

Idioma: inglés. 

Publicación: 26 de julio del 2021. 

Volumen: Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, Volume 27, Issue 4. 

Enlace Permanente

Introduction: Digital changes in Latin American cinemas

Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, 2019 Vol. 28, No. 4, 493–502; https://doi.org/10.1080/13569325.2019.1638235

Autor: 

1. Cerdán, Josetxo; professor of Media Studies at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, a member of the research group TECMERIN and the current director of Filmoteca Espa~ nola, the Spanish national film archive; jcerdan@hum.uc3m.es; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6028-4189 
    
2. Fernández-Labayen, Miguel; associate professor and the director of the MA in Film and Video Preservation in the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, where he is also a member of the research group TECMERIN; mflabaye@hum.uc3m.es; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-1970 

Keywords: Digital cinema, national cinemas, Latin American cinema, digital Latin American cinema, film circulation

Abstract: This article introduces the dossier of the Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies devoted to the study of digital cinema in Latin America. First, the text addresses the lack of research on the history of digital cinema in Latin America. Then, it proposes a comprehensive analysis of the digital, in terms of film aesthetics, production, distribution, exhibition, and consumption. At the same time, it establishes a dual axis to account for the changes and continuities generated by digital technology in temporal and spatial terms, within both sub- and supra-national logics. In this way, it emphasises the need to understand digital cinema as connected with previous technological and cultural phenomena such as analogue cinema or magnetic video. It also acknowledges that digital cinema is an extension of several local and global economic and industrial processes that different countries have negotiated in diverse and, at times, antagonistic fashions. Lastly, the article presents the five articles included in this dossier, and a sixth, shorter piece that functions as a critical response to the arguments and points addressed by the contributors. 

Idioma: inglés.  

Publicación: 07 de mayo del 2020. 

Volumen: Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, 2019 Vol. 28, No. 4, 493–502. 

Enlace Permanente

The effects of five public information campaigns: The role of interpersonal communication

Communications 2020; Vol 45 issue 2; https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2020-2089

Autor: 

1. Solovei, Adriana, Care and Public Health Research Institute CAPHRI, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; a.solovei@maastrichtuniversity.nl; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-2309
2. Van den Putte, Bas; Amsterdam School of Communications Research ASCoR, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; S.J.H.M.vandenputte@uva.nl;  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3635-6880

Keywords: interpersonal communication; public information campaigns; media exposure effects.  

Abstract: For five Dutch public information campaigns, this study assessed whether interpersonal communication mediated the effects of exposure (to TV, radio, or online banners) on five persuasive outcomes: awareness, knowledge, attitude, intention, and self-reported behavior. Structural equation modeling was used to test 23 models relating exposure to one of these outcome variables. Few direct effects of media exposure were found (for online banners, TV, and radio in, respectively, one, four, and seven of the 23 models). In contrast, results revealed that interpersonal communication had direct effects on the outcomes in 17 of the 23 models. Moreover, indirect effects of media exposure via interpersonal communication were found for online banner, TV, and radio exposure in, respectively, eight, nine, and ten models. These results indicate that interpersonal communication plays an important role in explaining media exposure persuasive effects and should be taken into account in the development and evaluation of public information campaigns.

Idioma: Inglés

Publicación: 21 de marzo del 2020 

Volumen: Communications 2020; Vol 45 issue 2. 

Enlace Permanente 

Carmen Curcó, Semántica. Una introducción al significado lingüístico en español. Estados Unidos, Routledge, 2021

Anuario de Letras. Lingüística y Filología, vol. XI, núm. 2, jul-dic, año 2023: 167-172. https://doi.org/10.19130/iifl.adel.2023.11.2/00X27OS138

Autor: Moisés López Olea; Centro de Enseñanza para Extranjeros Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; mlopez@cepe.unam.mx; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-3299

Introducción: Alguien que se interesa en la lingüística encontrará necesaria la búsqueda de textos y obras especializadas en el proceso de su formación académica con la finalidad de lograr la comprensión de las complejidades implicadas en la descripción de una lengua. Quizás, al comenzar a estudiar lingüística no es común imaginar lo complejo que puede ser abordar una pregunta como ¿qué significa ‘perro’ y qué significa ‘pero’?, o ¿qué significa ‘el perro es cachorro, pero es blanco’? Para lo anterior, en las bibliotecas se pueden encontrar diversas opciones de libros sobre semántica, introductorios o de profundización, clásicos o muy recientes, la mayor parte de ellos en inglés (cf. Lyons, 1995; Saeed, 2015; Larson, 2022) o producidos en el medio editorial peninsular (cf. Carriazo Ruiz y Luna, 2021; Espinal, Macià, Mateu y Quer, 2019). Para algunos, esto puede implicar una doble complejidad: no solo hay que intentar comprender la teoría y la metodología del estudio semántico, sino también vencer la posible barrera del idioma y lidiar con ejemplos posiblemente inaccesibles para nuestra cultura. En todo caso, ¿se requiere un nuevo libro que nos presente una panorámica de las perspectivas de estudio lingüístico sobre el significado? Las siguientes razones apuntan a una respuesta afirmativa y es este nicho donde se coloca el libro que a continuación comento. 

Idioma: español.  

Publicación: tipo reseña

Volumen: Anuario de Letras. Lingüística y Filología, vol. XI, núm. 2, jul-dic, año 2023: 167-172. 

Enlace Permanente

Desórdenes informativos sobreexpuestos e infrainformados en la era de la posverdad

El profesional de la información, 2019, v. 28, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.02

Autor: Del-Fresno-García, Miguel; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) Madrid, España; 

Keywords: Desórdenes informativos, Posverdad, Desinformación, Noticias falsas, Hechos alternativos, Deepfakes, Desinformación corporativa, Guerra a la ciencia.

Abstract: Information disorders (misinformation, fakes news, alternative facts, post-truth, deepfakes, etc.) are intentional pro-ductions whose strategy is focused on the fabrication of doubt and false controversies in order to achieve economic or ideological benefits. Information disorders are all interrelated and depend, in a necessary way, on post-Internet techno-logies which have modified the very nature of collective interpersonal communication. Information disorders have their origin and basis in different causes that have facilitated their development, scope and unprecedented current impact as: a) the war on science from the corporate sphere, b) the crisis of the post Internet national and local media, c) the deve-lopment of technological platforms that have socialized the ability to publish and distribute content at low cost, d) the crisis of the experts with a consequent epistemic crisis, e) advances in psychology, that exploit the psychological bases of informative disorders through cognitive biases, and f) a significant change in the way of understanding and exercising power in the 21st century, such as the ability to establish the relations of definition of reality itself (Beck, 2017). This supposes a true will of authority on the reality and, in the practice, a will of ideological supremacy and a serious risk for the liberal democracies.

Resumen: Los desórdenes informativos (desinformación, fake news, hechos alternativos, posverdad, deepfakes, etc.) son produc-ciones intencionales cuya estrategia consiste en la fabricación de la duda y falsas controversias con el fin de conseguir beneficios económicos o ideológicos. Los desórdenes informativos están interrelacionados entre sí y dependen, de forma necesaria, de las tecnologías post Internet, lo que ha modificado la naturaleza misma de la comunicación inter-personal colectiva. Los desórdenes desinformativos tienen su origen y bases en distintas causas que han facilitado su de-sarrollo, alcance e impacto actual sin precedentes: a) la guerra contra la ciencia desde el ámbito corporativo, b) la crisis de los medios de comunicación nacionales y locales post Internet, c) el desarrollo de plataformas tecnológicas que han socializado la capacidad de publicar y distribuir contenidos a bajo coste, d) la crisis de los expertos con su consecuente crisis epistémica, e) los avances en psicología, para explotar las bases psicológicas de los desórdenes informativos, a través de diferentes sesgos cognitivos, y e) un cambio significativo en la forma de entender y ejercer el poder en el siglo XXI, como la capacidad de establecer las relaciones de definición (Beck, 2017) de la realidad misma. Los desórdenes in-formativos suponen una voluntad de autoridad sobre la realidad, en la práctica, una voluntad de supremacía ideológica, y un riesgo para las democracias liberales.

Idioma: español. 

Publicación: 09 de junio del 2019. 

Volumen: El profesional de la información, 2019, v. 28, n. 3. 

Enlace Permanente 

Industrial and authorial explorations in Chilefilms movies made by Argentine directors in the 1940s

Dixit, 32, Enero-Junio del 2020 pag. 16-32. https://doi.org/10.22235/d.vi32.2005 

Autor: Alejandro Kelly-Hopfenblatt 

Keywords: Cine clásico latinoamericano; industria cinematográfica; trashumancia; modernidad; Chilefilms.

Abstract: In the decade of 1940 different Latin American countries developed national film industries whose activities implied a constant tension between nationalistic intentions and cosmopolitan productions. Chilefilms is a noteworthy case of study due to its history and some of the movies it produced, mainly two film directed by Argentine filmmakers: La casa está vacía, by Carlos Schlieper, and La dama de la muerte, by Carlos Hugo Christensen. Taking these productions as a starting point,  this article looks into historiography’s traditional concepts in order to propose alternative approaches that will enrichen Latin American classical cinema studies. Therefore, their divergences with classical  cinema are considered through their time-space construction and their narrative lines, focusing on their  detour from generic and authorial traditions.

Resumen: Durante la década de 1940 distintos países latinoamericanos desarrollaron industrias cinematográficas nacionales en procesos que implicaron una marcada tensión entre los impulsos nacionalistas de sus intenciones y las improntas cosmopolitas de sus producciones. El caso de Chilefilms resulta de gran interés tanto por la historia de su producción como por las características de algunas de sus realizaciones, especialmente dos películas realizadas por directores argentinos: La casa está vacía, de Carlos Schlieper, y La dama de la muerte, de Carlos Hugo Christensen. Este artículo propone reconsiderar, a partir de estos films, los conceptos utilizados tradicionalmente por la historiografía para postular una aproximación alternativa que enriquezca los estudios de la historia fílmica latinoamericana. Para ello se plantea indagar en las divergencias que supusieron con respecto al cine clásico, a partir de un análisis de su construcción espacio-temporal y sus ejes narrativos para resaltar sus desvíos de tradiciones genéricas y autorales.

Idioma: español. 

Publicaciones: Enero-Junio del 2020. 

Volumen: Dixit, 32, Enero-Junio del 2020 pag. 16-32. 

Enlace Permanente:

Expulsión sin salida: la guerra en Gaza, un año después

CIDOB Notes Internacional, Oct. 2024; https://doi.org/10.24241/NotesInt.2024/309/es 

Autor: 

1. Garcés, Blanca; investigadora sénior, CIDOB; bgarces@cidob.org;  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-3964  
2. Porfirione, Giulia; asistente de investigación, CIDOB.  

Keywords: Gaza; guerra; desplazamiento forzado, geopolítica; derecho internacional. 

Resumen: El primer año de guerra en Gaza ha llevado al desplazamiento forzado del 85% de la población. A pesar de ser un elemento central del conflicto, existen pocos análisis desde esta perspectiva. La singularidad de este desplazamiento es triple: el conflicto tiene como objetivo la expulsión; el propósito de la expulsión es la expansión sobre el territorio; y la expulsión pretende ser definitiva, descartando la posibilidad del retorno. Estos tres aspectos han sido una constante en la historia del pueblo palestino desde la creación del Estado de Israel en 1948. Gaza ilustra el fracaso estrepitoso del derecho internacional, tanto en el ámbito humanitario como en el del asilo. ¿Qué ha fallado? ¿Cómo explicar lo injustificable?

Idioma: español. 

Publicación: CIDOB notes internacional. Oct. 2024. 

Volumen: Octubre del 2024.  

Enlace Permanente

Inteligencia artificial y periodismo: una herramienta contra la desinformación

Publicaciones CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals n.º 124, Desinformación y poder: la crisis de los intermediarios, p. 49-72, doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2020.124.1.49

Autor: 

1. Juan Luis Manfredi Sánchez; Profesor de Periodismo internacional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha.  juan.manfredi@uclm.es; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9129-2907
2. María José Ufarte Ruiz; Profesora de Redacción periodística, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Mariajose.ufarte@uclm.es; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7713-8003

Keywords: periodismo; inteligencia artificial (IA); desinformación; propaganda; censura; ciudadanía. 

Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on journalism and disinformation. To achieve this, methodological design begins with a review of the scientific literature that is complemented by the analysis of three interrelated perspectives: journalistic, economic and ethical. The results reveal disinformation to be a polysemic phenomenon, complicating the design of public policies to counter it. AI’s emergence presents an opportunity to contribute to this and develop the concept of citizenship along three lines: 1) improving the state of professional journalism; 2) managing privacy; and 3) an ethical approach to technological development, which helps make informative decision-making conscious and free from biases. 

Resumen: Este trabajo investiga el impacto de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en el periodismo y en la desinformación. El diseño metodológico para alcanzar este propósito parte de la revisión de la literatura científica y se complementa con el análisis de tres perspectivas interrelacionadas: la periodística, la económica y la ética. Los resultados revelan que la desinformación es un fenómeno polisémico, lo que dificulta el diseño de una política pública para contrarrestarla. Sin embargo, la IA aparece como una oportunidad para contribuir a ello y desarrollar el concepto de ciudadanía, en tres ejes: 1) la mejora del estado del periodismo profesional, 2) el manejo de la privacidad y 3) el planteamiento ético del desarrollo tecnológico, que contribuya a que las decisiones informativas sean conscientes y alejadas de los sesgos. 

Idioma: español. 

Publicación: Mayo del 2020. 

Volumen: Publicaciones CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals n.º 124, Desinformación y poder: la crisis de los intermediarios, p. 49-72.  

Enlace Permanente 

How communication can make voters choose less well

Topics in Cognitive Science, 11 (2019) 194–206, https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12401

Autor: 

1. Ulrike Hahn; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London;  u.hahn@bbk.ac.uk; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-8589  
2. Momme von Sydow; Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Munich; Momme@von-Sydow.de, momme.von-sydow@uni-heidelberg.de. 
3. Christoph Merdes; Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Munich. 

Keywords: Vote aggregation; condorcet jury theorem; agent-based modeling; voting; communication.

Abstract: With the advent of social media, the last decade has seen profound changes to the way people receive information. This has fueled a debate about the ways (if any) changes to the nature of our information networks might be affecting voters’ beliefs about the world, voting results, and, ultimately, democracy. At the same time, much discussion in the public arena in recent years has concerned the notion that ill-informed voters have been voting against their own self-interest. The research reported here brings these two strands together: simulations involving agent-based models, interpreted through the formal framework of Condorcet's (1785) jury theorem, demonstrate how changes to information networks may make voter error more likely, even though individual competence has largely remained unchanged. 

Idioma: inglés  

Publicación: 25 de diciembre del 2018

Volumen: Topics in Cognitive Science, 11 (2019) 194–206.  

Enlace Permanente

Populism in the era of Twitter: How social media contextualized new insights into an old phenomenon

 New Media & Society, Volume 22, Issue 4; https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893978

Autor: 

1. Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Salamanca, Spain; Pennsylvania State University, USA; homero.gildezuniga@mail.udp.cl; hgz@usal.es; hgzn@psu.edu; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4187-3604 
2. Karolina Koc Michalska; Audencia Business School, France; kkocmichalska@audencia.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5354-5616  
3. Andrea Römmele; Hertie School of Governance, Germany; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1862-2513

Keywords: Populism; social media, twitter, facebook, democracy.  

Abstract: With the advent of social media, political communication scholars have systematically revised theories and empirical corollaries revolving media use and democracy at large. Interestingly, in about the same period of time, a reinvigorated political populism trend has taken place across different latitudes in the world. This widespread populist movement has expanded regardless of whether these political systems were established democracies, emerging democracies, or societies immersed in political contexts at peril. This essay serves as the introductory piece to a special issue on populism. First, it highlights the ways in which “populism,” being an old phenomenon, has further transpired into the political realm in the era of social media. Second, the essay seeks to better contextualize what populism is and how it has developed within today’s hybrid media society. Finally, this introduction also lays out the ground to six central theoretical and data-driven papers that encapsulate many of the important issues revolving the phenomenon of populism today.

Idioma: inglés

Publicación: 29 de septiembre del 2021. 

Volumen: New Media & Society, Volume 22, Issue 4. 

Enlace Permanente 

Measuring the news and its impact on democracy

PNAS 2021 Vol. 118 No. 15 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912443118

Autor: 

1. Duncan J. Watts; Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Annenberg School of Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Operations, Information, and Decisions Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; djwatts@seas.upenn.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-4961?
2. David M. Rothschild; Microsoft Research, New York.
3. Markus Mobius, Microsoft Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.  

Abstract: Since the 2016 US presidential election, the deliberate spread of misinformation online, and on social media in particular, has generated extraordinary concern, in large part because of its potential effects on public opinion, political polarization, and ultimately democratic decision making. Recently, however, a handful of papers have argued that both the prevalence and consumption of "fake news" per se is extremely low compared with other types of news and news-relevant content. Although neither prevalence nor consumption is a direct measure of influence, this work suggests that proper understanding of misinformation and its effects requires a much broader view of the problem, encompassing biased and misleading"but not necessarily factually incorrect"information that is routinely produced or amplified by mainstream news organizations. In this paper, we propose an ambitious collective research agenda to measure the origins, nature, and prevalence of misinformation, broadly construed, as well as its impact on democracy. We also sketch out some illustrative examples of completed, ongoing, or planned research projects that contribute to this agenda.

Idioma: inglés.

Publicación: 9 de abril del 2021

Volumen: PNAS 2021 Vol. 118 No. 15

Enlace Permanente

Scientific and subversive: The two faces of the fourth era of political campaigning

New Media & Society, Volume 22, Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448198939

Autor: 

1. Andrea Roemmele; Hertie School, Germany; roemmele@hertie-school.org; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1862-2513
2. Rachel Gibson; The University of Manchester, UK; rachel.gibson@manchester.ac.uk; 

Keywords: campaigns; social media; big data; populism

Abstract: This article sets out the case that democracies are now entering a 4th phase of ‘Data-driven’ Political Campaigning. Building on the existing campaigns literature, we identify several key shifts in practice that define the new phase. Namely: (1) an organizational and strategic dependency on digital technology and ‘big data’ ; (2) a reliance on networked communication; (3) the individualized micro-targeting of campaign messages; and (4) the internationalization of the campaign sphere. Departing from prior studies, we also argue that the new phase is distinguished by a bifurcation into two variants – the scientific and subversive. While sharing a common core these two modes differ in that the former retains a commitment to the normative goals of campaigning, i.e. to mobilise and inform voters while the latter explicitly rejects and subverts these aims, focusing instead on demobilization and the spread of misinformation. Both are presented as abstract or ‘ideal’ types although we do point to how features of each have appeared in recent election campaigns by mainstream and populist parties. We conclude by discussing the implications of these trends for the longer term future health of democracy.  

Idioma: inglés.

Publicación: 2 de abril del 2020  

Volumen: New Media & Society, Volume 22, Issue 4.   

Solicitar Documento a fceibiblioteca@uchile.cl 

Rethinking journalist-politician relations in the age of populism: How outsider politicians delegitimize mainstream journalists

 Journalism, vol 22 issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919887822

Autor: Van Dalen, Arjen; University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; avd@sam.sdu.dk; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-2245 

Keywords: Key words: Journalist-politician relations; political communication culture; delegitimation; legitimacy; mainstream; outsider. 

Abstract: The relation between journalists and politicians in liberal democracy is traditionally conceptualized as highly institutionalized, based on mutual dependence, and grounded in a shared culture of jointly respected role relations. While this conceptualization provides a fruitful framework to understand the relation between mainstream journalists and politicians, it falls short in explaining the way outsider politicians, such as Beppe Grillo, Donald Trump, Thierry Baudet or Nigel Farage address the mainstream media. Thus, this paper rethinks the relation between journalists and politicians in the light of the Western political-media environment in the 2010s, where the rise of authoritarian populism, the fragmentation of media audiences, and the fading boundaries around the journalistic profession have substantially changed media-politics relations. The paper aims to make a theoretical contribution by conceptualizing the relation between outsider politicians and mainstream journalists as an ongoing negotiation over legitimacy. Central in this conceptualization is a classification of five strategies which outsider politicians use to delegitimize mainstream journalists: attacking their character; connecting them with other institutions which are seen as illegitimate; attacking their ethical standards; challenging the claim that journalists work in the public interest; and questioning the beneficial consequences of their work. The consequences of these delegitimation strategies are discussed.  

Idioma: inglés. 

Publicación: 12 de Noviembre del 2019. 

Volumen: Journalism, vol 22 issue 11.

Enlace Permanente

Disinformation and the Structural Transformations of the Public Arena: Addressing the Actual Challenges to Democracy

Social Media + Society, January-March 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305121988

Autor: 

1. Andreas Jungherr; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; andreas.jungherr@gmail.com;  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2598-2453
2. Ralph Schroeder; University of Oxford, UK; ralph.schroeder@oii.ox.ac.uk;  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4229-1585

Keywords: public arena; journalism; gatekeepers; social structures; disinformation. 

Abstract: Current debate is dominated by fears of the threats of digital technology for democracy. One typical example is the perceived threats of malicious actors promoting disinformation through digital channels to sow confusion and exacerbate political divisions. The prominence of the threat of digital disinformation in the public imagination, however, is not supported by empirical findings which instead indicate that disinformation is a limited problem with limited reach among the public. Its prominence in public discourse is instead best understood as a “moral panic.” In this article, we argue that we should shift attention from these evocative but empirically marginal phenomena of deviance connected with digital media toward the structural transformations that give rise to these fears, namely those that have impacted information flows and attention allocation in the public arena. This account centers on structural transformations of the public arena and associated new challenges, especially in relation to gatekeepers, old and new. How the public arena serves actually existing democracy will not be addressed by focusing on disinformation, but rather by addressing structural transformations and the new challenges that arise from these. 

Idioma: inglés. 

Publicación: 21 de enero del 2021.  

Volumen: Social Media + Society, January-March 2021.

Enlace Permanente 

Especial highly cited paper: The catastrophic effects of groundwater intensive exploitation and Megadrought on aquifers in Central Chile: Global change impact projections in water resources based on groundwater balance modeling.

Science of The Total Environment, Volume 914, 1 March 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169651

Autor: 

1. J. Jódar: Centro Nacional Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas IGME-CSIC, España; j.jodar@igme.es; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-0303 View this author’s ORCID profile
2. J. Urrutia: Center for Research and Development of Water Ecosystems, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile; javier.urrutia@uantof.cl; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7598-5471 View this author’s ORCID profile
3. C. Herrera; Center for Research and Development of Water Ecosystems, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile; christian.herrera@ubo.cl;  https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1800-0765
4. E. Custodio; Real Academia de Ciencias de España, España; Emeritus Professor Groundwater Hydrology Group, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (iUNAT), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; emilio.custodio@upc.edu
5. S. Martos-Rosillo; Centro Nacional Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas IGME-CSIC, España; s.martos@igme.es; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8493-7789
6. L.J. Lambán; Centro Nacional Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas IGME-CSIC, Spain; javier.lamban@igme.es; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8493-7789

Keywords: Groundwater depletion, Groundwater management, Groundwater governance, Sustainability, Anthropogenic drought. 

Abstract: Central Chile is undergoing its most severe drought since 2010, affecting ecosystems, water supply, agriculture, and industrial uses. The government's short-term measures, such as increasing groundwater extraction (by 383 % from 1997 to 2022), are exacerbating the situation, leading to long-term hydrological deterioration. The objective of this research is to establish the main processes driving the water table depth evolution within Central Chile over the period 1979–2023. This is done by conducting groundwater balances on five major hydrological basins of Central Chile. For the Megadrought (MD) period (2010−2022), the groundwater level depths reflect not only the recharge variability but, especially, the forcing trend of groundwater withdrawals: they represent 35 % and 65 %, respectively, of the total phreatic level drawdown. This result underlines the dominant role played by groundwater withdrawals in the current delicate state of Central Chile's groundwater resources, while revealing that drought is a new complex phenomenon to deal with, in the midterm, to revert the current water resource trend in Central Chile. Our study moreover presents the impact of climate change in the basin in the framework of six different groundwater withdrawal scenarios. In the worst case (i.e., RCP8.5), the aquifer recharge decreases 18 % with respect to 1979–1997, which is the period assumed to be unaffected by the impact of MD and withdrawals. Such a reduction may be irrelevant in the dynamics of the aquifer system if the current extraction rate does not change. The estimated recovery time needed to reach aquifer conditions equal to those of the unaffected period is approximately 50 years.

Idioma: inglés. 

Publicación: 28 de diciembre del 2023. 

Volumen: Science of The Total Environment, Volume 914, 1 March 2024.

Enlace Permanente: 

"TAKING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ROOM" HOW POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS USE SOCIAL MEDIA TO UNDERSTAND AND REPRESENT PUBLIC OPINION

Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 84, Issue S1, 2020, Pages 236–256, https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfaa012

Autor: McGregor, Shannon C; Hussman School of Journalism, University of North Carolina, Carroll Hall, Chapel Hill, North California, USA; shannon.c.mcgregor@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3275-0397

Abstract: For most of the twentieth century, public opinion was nearly analogous with polling. Enter social media, which has upended the social, technical, and communication contingencies upon which public opinion is constructed. This study documents how political professionals turn to social media to understand the public, charting important implications for the practice of campaigning as well as the study of public opinion itself. An analysis of in-depth interviews with 13 professionals from 2016 US presidential campaigns details how they use social media to understand and represent public opinion. I map these uses of social media onto a theoretical model, accounting for quantitative and qualitative measurement, for instrumental and symbolic purposes. Campaigns’ use of social media data to infer and symbolize public opinion is a new development in the relationship between campaigns and supporters. These new tools and symbols of public opinion are shaped by campaigns and drive press coverage (McGregor 2019), highlighting the hybrid logic of the political media system (Chadwick 2017). The model I present brings much-needed attention to qualitative data, a novel aspect of social media in understanding public opinion. The use of social media data to understand the public, for all its problems of representativeness, may provide a retort to long-standing criticisms of surveys—specifically that surveys do not reveal hierarchical, social, or public aspects of opinion formation (Blumer 1948; Herbst 1998; Cramer 2016). This model highlights a need to explicate what can—and cannot—be understood about public opinion via social media.

Idioma: inglés. 

Publicación: 15 de julio del 2020

Volumen: Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 84, Issue S1, 2020, Pages 236–256.

Enlace Permanente

How behavioural sciences can promote truth, autonomy and democratic discourse online

Nature Human Behaviour, vol 4 noviembre 2020; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0889-7

Autor: 

1. Philipp Lorenz-Spreen ; Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; lorenz-spreen@mpib-berlin.mpg.de; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-4154
2. Stephan Lewandowsky ; School of Psychological Science and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; stephan.lewandowsky@bristol.ac.uk; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1655-2013
3. Cass R. Sunstein; Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, USA; csunstei@law.harvard.edu;  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-3008
4. Ralph Hertwig; Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; hertwig@mpib-berlin.mpg.de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9908-9556

Keywords: Communication, decision making, psychology, science, technology, social policy. 

Abstract: Public opinion is shaped in significant part by online content, spread via social media and curated algorithmically. The current online ecosystem has been designed predominantly to capture user attention rather than to promote deliberate cognition and autonomous choice; information overload, finely tuned personalization and distorted social cues, in turn, pave the way for manipulation and the spread of false information. How can transparency and autonomy be promoted instead, thus fostering the positive potential of the web? Effective web governance informed by behavioural research is critically needed to empower individuals online. We identify technologically available yet largely untapped cues that can be harnessed to indicate the epistemic quality of online content, the factors underlying algorithmic decisions and the degree of consensus in online debates. We then map out two classes of behavioural interventions—nudging and boosting— that enlist these cues to redesign online environments for informed and autonomous choice.

Idioma: inglés. 

Publicación: 15 de junio del 2020

Volumen: Nature Human Behaviour Vol 4, November 2020.  

Enlace Permanente

Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research

 

The International Journal of Press/Politics, volumen 25 issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219900126 

Autor: 

1. Humprecht, Edda; University of Zurich; edda.humprecht@uzh.ch; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8127-2088
2. Esser, Frank; University of Zurich; frank.esser@uni-mainz.de;  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1627-1521
3. Van-Aelst, Peter; University of Antwerp, Belgium; vanaelst@uia.ac.be;  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2548-0309    

Keywords: online disinformation, theoretical framework, resilience, cross-national comparison, cluster analysis. 

Abstract: Online disinformation is considered a major challenge for modern democracies. It is widely understood as misleading content produced to generate profits, pursue political goals, or maliciously deceive. Our starting point is the assumption that some countries are more resilient to online disinformation than others. To understand what conditions influence this resilience we choose a comparative cross-national approach. In the first step, we develop a theoretical framework that presents these country conditions as theoretical dimensions. In the second step, we translate the dimensions into quantifiable indicators that allow us to measure their significance on a comparative cross-country basis. In the third part of the study, we empirically examine 18 Western democracies. A cluster analysis yields three country groups: one group with high resilience to online disinformation (including the Northern European systems, for instance) and two country groups with low resilience (including the polarized Southern European countries and the United States). In the final part, we discuss the heuristic value of the framework for comparative political communication research in the age of information pollution. 

Idioma: inglés. 

Publicación: 24 de enero del 2020 (publicación electrónica) 

Volumen: The International Journal of Press/Politics, volumen 25 issue 3. 

Enlace permanente:  

Evaluating the fake news problem at the scale of the information ecosystem

Science Advances vol 6, issue 14; https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay3539

Autor:

1. Jennifer Allen; MIT Sloan School of Management, 100 Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 021, USA; jnallen@mit.edu; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9827-9147
2. Baird Howland; Harmony Labs, New York, USA. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-8101
3. Markus Mobius; Microsoft Research New England, 1 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; mobius@fas.harvard.edu; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4725-7896
4. David Rothschild; Microsoft Research New York, 641 Avenue of the Americas, 7th Floor, New York, USA; david@researchdmr.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7792-1989
5. Duncan J. Watts; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; djw24@columbia.edu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-4961

Abstract: “Fake news,” broadly defined as false or misleading information masquerading as legitimate news, is frequently asserted to be pervasive online with serious consequences for democracy. Using a unique multimode dataset that comprises a nationally representative sample of mobile, desktop, and television consumption, we refute this conventional wisdom on three levels. First, news consumption of any sort is heavily outweighed by other forms of media consumption, comprising at most 14.2% of Americans’ daily media diets. Second, to the extent that Americans do consume news, it is overwhelmingly from television, which accounts for roughly five times as much as news consumption as online. Third, fake news comprises only 0.15% of Americans’ daily media diet. Our results suggest that the origins of public misinformedness and polarization are more likely to lie in the content of ordinary news or the avoidance of news altogether as they are in overt fakery.

Idioma: Inglés

Publicación: 03 de abril del 2020

Volumen: Science Advances, vol 6 issue 14. 

Enlace Permanente: 

¿Quién va a filmar la Historia? Artificio y heterocronía en El movimiento de Benjamín Naishtat

Dixit. Comunicación, Profesión, Conocimiento vol 36 issue 1, enero-junio 2022. https://doi.org/10.22235/d.v36i1.2790 

Autor: Iván Zgaib, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; jizivan@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-1832 

Keywords: cine argentino, cine latinoamericano, artificio, heterocronía, espacialidad

Abstract: El movimiento (2015) by Benjamín Naishtat is part of a constellation of recent Argentine and Latin American films that deal with the historical past, but far from being based on a plausible representation of the period, it puts the illusionist nature of the classical narrative in crisis. With the aim of thinking about the communicating vessels that El movimiento establishes with the history and present of Argentina, this article not only contemplates the discursive constructions, but especially the material surface of its images and sounds. Naishtat’s film, through a series of formal operations that exacerbate artifice, composes an abstract space and a broken temporality made of anachronisms. It is a procedure of estrangement: it attempts to trace another path, another territory, and other rhythms of time. It confronts a narrative’s form: the celebrations of the Bicentennial and the objectivist visions of certain period cinema to crystallize Argentine history.

Resumen: El movimiento (2015) de Benjamín Naishtat se inscribe en una constelación de películas argentinas y latinoamericanas recientes que aborda el pasado histórico, pero que lejos de basarse en una representación verosímil de la época, pone en crisis el carácter ilusionista de la narración clásica. Con el objetivo de pensar los vasos comunicantes que establece El movimiento  con la Historia y el presente de Argentina, este artículo no solo contempla las construcciones discursivas, sino la superficie material de sus imágenes y sonidos. El filme de Naishtat, a través de una serie de operaciones formales que exacerban el artificio, compone un espacio abstracto y una temporalidad rota hecha de anacronismos. Se trata de un procedimiento de enrarecimiento: intenta trazar otro recorrido, otro territorio y otros ritmos del tiempo. Confronta la forma de un relato: las celebraciones del Bicentenario y las visiones objetivistas de cierto cine de época para cristalizar la historia argentina.

Idioma: español. 

Publicación: 24 de mayo del 2022

Volumen: Dixit. Comunicación, Profesión, Conocimiento vol 36 issue 1, enero-junio 2022. 

Enlace Permanente 

Cuerpo, danza e identidad en el discurso fílmico contemporáneo. Ema (Larraín,2019) y Ya no estoy aquí (Frías, 2019)

Mediaciones Sociales Vol. 21 (2022), https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/meso.80607

Autor: 

1. Hernandez-Espinoza1, Eréndira-Damariz; Universidad de Guadalajara, México; danzamovimiento@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-2809
2. Sedeño-Valdellos, Ana; Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación de la Universidad de Málaga, España; valdellos@uma.es; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3897-2457

Keywords: cine posnarrativo, cine contemporáneo, cuerpo en el cine, danza, cine iberoamericano 

Abstract: Dance  is  a  type  of  artistic  expression  that  is  making  its  way  into  many  of  the  current  cultural  representations:  cinema,  advertising, video clips... In the new logics of film production characterized by the hybridity and the drive of the performative aspect of the image, we can observe how the musical manifestations and its collective performance through dance leads the stories and the characters with an impoverishment of their living conditions. This article analyzes the Latin American films Ema (Pablo Larraín, 2019) and Ya no estoy aquí (Fernando Frías, 2019), focusing on the visual representation of the body and dance as a strategy of resistance, and a mechanism of appropriation of urban space and subjective construction. We use a methodology of semiotic and sociological analysis coupled with textual and discursive analysis.

Resumen: La danza es un tipo de expresión artística presente en muchas de las representaciones culturales actuales: cine, publicidad o videoclips emplean sus modos y lenguajes para encarnar muchas de las problemáticas de la experiencia humana contemporánea...En  las  nuevas  lógicas  de  producción  fílmica  caracterizadas  por  la  hibridez  y  el  empuje  del  aspecto  performativo  de  la  imagen,  se  observan cómo las manifestaciones musicales y su interpretación grupal a través del baile y la danza desembocan en historias donde los personajes sufren un empobrecimiento de sus condiciones de vida. Este artículo analiza las películas latinoamericanas Ema (Pablo Larraín,2019)  y  Ya  no  estoy  aquí  (Fernando  Frías,  2019)  poniendo  el  foco  en  la  representación  visual  del  cuerpo  y  la  danza  como  estrategia de resistencia, como mecanismo de apropiación del espacio urbano, y de construcción subjetiva. Se emplea una metodología de análisis semiótico y sociológico unido al análisis textual y discursivo.

Idioma: español 

Publicación: 09 de enero del 2023. 

Volumen: Mediaciones Sociales Vol. 21 (2022) 

Enlace Permanente:  

Reproductive rights, othered women, and the making of feminist documentary in Latin America

Feminist Media Studies 2023, VOL. 23, NO. 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2027803

Autor: Cervera-Ferrer, Lorena; Bournemouth Film School, Arts University Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK; lorena.ferrer.17@ucl.ac.uk; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-0193

Keywords: Cine Mujer Mexico; Cine Mujer Colombia; Latin American Women Filmmakers; film collectives; feminist documentary

Abstract: Cine Mujer was the name of two feminist film collectives, one founded in Mexico (1975–1986) and the other in Colombia (1978– 1999). Sharing the same name but with no ties between each other, these collectives produced films that provided different representations of women, politicized personal experiences and domestic spaces, and promoted processes of consciousness-raising. Broadly, this article looks at the Cine Mujer collectives as part of a larger phenomenon that, although informed by second-wave feminism and the New Latin American Cinema, can be better understood within the singular complexity of Latin American women’s movements. Specifically, it analyses two documentaries, Cosas de mujeres (1978) and Carmen Carrascal (1982), produced by the Cine Mujer collectives in Mexico and Colombia, respectively. Drawing on Laura Marks’ work on hybridity, excess, and haptic visuality, this article explores the relation between modes of production and representation in these films and positions them as emblematic examples of a formative moment in Latin American feminist documentary. By emphasizing the emotional and sensorial appeal of these films, this article also attempts to expand what is understood by political cinema.

Idioma: Inglés 

Publicación: 13 de febrero del 2022

Volumen: Feminist Media Studies 2023, VOL. 23, NO. 4

Enlace Permanente 

NO FUTURE: The Colonial Gaze, Tales of Return in Recent Latin American Film

Humanities Vol 11 N°2, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3390/h11020045

Autor: Miguel L. Rojas-Sotelo; Center for Latin American Studies, Duke University, Durham, California del Norte, USA; mlr34@duke.edu;  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6129-7782

Keywords: Bolivian cinema, Brazilian cinema, Colombian cinema, indigenous cinema, coloniality, tercer cine, decoloniality, Latin American cinema

Abstract: The past is certain, the future an illusion. Contemporary films such as Ivy Maraey: land without evil (Juan Carlos Valdivia 2013), Embrace of the Serpent (Ciro Guerra 2015), The Fever (Maya Da Rin 2020), and Bacurau are border films, from the genre of contact films. They announce how coloniality maintains a grip on frontier territories in the Americas. These films also present particular indigenous visions that challenge western epistemes and confront audiences with particular ways of being in the world, where the modern subject finds its limit. The article introduces a critical perspective on cinema as a colonial tool, producing forms of capture that are part of the modern archive and the notion of linear time. These films also build on cinematic traditions such as tercer cine and afro-futurism, and are strong on concepts such as cosmopolitanism, resistance, and subalternity. They present forms of adaptation, reaction, return, and redemption while maintaining the status of cinema as a capturing device, entertainment, and capital investment (the triad of destruction in modernity/coloniality).

Idioma: inglés 

Publicación: 18 de marzo del 2022

Volumen: Humanities 2022, Vol 11, N° 2.

Enlace Permanente

Políticas de diversidad cultural en el sector audiovisual de América Latina: posibilidades e incertidumbres en la era de las plataformas de streaming

Palabra Clave, Vol 25 N°2 https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2022.25.2.3

Autor: Bárcenas-Curtis, César; Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, México; cbarcenas@docentes.uat.edu.mx; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-6492

Keywords: América Latina, cine, digitalización, diversidad cultural, política de la comunicación

Abstract: The live streaming platforms of large operators such as Netflix have become established amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. This scenario gives rise to unequal and inequitable  processes in audiovisual production, distribution, and consumption. This paper intends to vindicate,  recover, and encourage the discussion on audiovisual policy-making based on cultural diversity precepts to protect Latin American cinematographies and regulate the corporate, economic, and commercial power conditions of those companies that dominate the markets worldwide. The analysis strategy was based on a documentary and statistical review that describes how Latin American cinema shows a series of asymmetries, which remain in the analog stage and increase in a digital context. The lines of work proposed from this analysis are based on ten pivotal points to establish public policies for cultural diversity in the Latin American audiovisual sector.

Resumen: Los servicios de las plataformas digitales audiovisuales en directo (streaming) de grandes operadores como Netflix se han consolidado en el contexto de la pandemia de covid 19 en América Latina. Este escenario genera una serie de procesos desiguales e inequitativos en las dimensiones de producción, distribución y consumo audiovisual, por lo que la intención de este trabajo es reivindicar, recuperar e incentivar la discusión sobre el establecimiento de políticas audiovisuales basadas en los preceptos de la diversi-dad cultural, para proteger las cinematografías latinoamericanas y regular las condiciones del poder corporativo, económico y comercial de aquellas empresas que dominan los mercados a nivel mundial. La estrategia de análisis se basó en una revisión documental y estadística que describe cómo el cine latinoamericano presenta una serie de asimetrías que permanecen y continúan desde la etapa analógica y se incrementan en un contexto digital. Las líneas de trabajo propuestas para el establecimiento de estrategias políticas de diversidad cultural en América Latina, que surgen como resultado de este análisis, se fundamentan en 10 ejes para elaborar una propuesta de políticas públicas para la diversidad cultural en el sector audiovisual latinoamericano.

Idioma: español-inglés 

Publicación: 23 de mayo del 2022

Volumen: Palabra Clave, Vol 25 N°2

Enlace Permanente