The New Paradigm of Deepfake Detection at the Text Level

Applied Sciences, 2025, Vol 15, n°5 https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052560

Autor: 

1. Cosmina-Mihaela Rosca, Department of Automatic Control, Computers and Electronics, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical. Engineering, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Avenue, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; cosmina.rosca@upg-ploiesti.ro;  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-3321
2. Adrian Stancu, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Avenue, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; astancu@upg-ploiesti.ro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5366-8149
3. Emilian Marian Iovanovici; Department of Automatic Control, Computers and Electronics, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Avenue, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; emilian.iovanovici@student.upg-ploiesti.ro; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5746-8826 Personal 

Keywords: text authenticity; deepfake texts; AI-generated text; written style model; text manipulation; ML model; author identification.

Abstract: The world is currently facing the issue of text authenticity in different areas. The implications of generated text can raise concerns about manipulation. When a photo of a celebrity is posted alongside an impactful message, it can generate outrage, hatred, or other manipulative beliefs. Numerous artificial intelligence tools use different techniques to determine whether a text is artificial intelligence-generated or authentic. However, these tools fail to accurately determine cases in which a text is written by a person who uses patterns specific to artificial intelligence tools. For these reasons, this article presents a new approach to the issue of deepfake texts. The authors propose methods to determine whether a text is associated with a specific person by using specific written patterns. Each person has their own written style, which can be identified in the average number of words, the average length of the words, the ratios of unique words, and the sentiments expressed in the sentences. These features are used to develop a custom-made written-style machine learning model named the custom deepfake text model. The model’s results show an accuracy of 99%, a precision of 97.83%, and a recall of 90%. A second model, the anomaly deepfake text model, determines whether the text is associated with a specific author. For this model, an attempt was made to determine anomalies at the level of textual characteristics that are assumed to be associated with particular patterns of a certain author. The results show an accuracy of 88.9%, a precision of 100%, and a recall of 89.9%. The findings outline the possibility of using the model to determine if a text is associated with a certain author. The paper positions itself as a starting point for identifying deepfakes at the text level.

Idioma: Inglés. 

Publicación: 27 de Febrero 2025.

Volumen: Applied Science 2025 Vol 15, n°5. 

Enlace permanente.

Narrativas feministas en las plataformas de contenido en streaming: análisis de caso de los contenidos de Netflix, HBO, Amazon Prime y Disney +

Historia y Comunicación Social; Vol. 27 Núm. 2 (2022): Monográfico: Comunicación y Movimientos Feministas; https://doi.org/10.5209/hics.82387

Autor: 

1. Carolina Abellán Guzmán; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; caroabel@ucm.es; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4555-6590
2. José Antonio Cortés Quesada; Escuela Superior de Cine, Animación y Videojuegos (ESCAV); joseacortes.20@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-243

Keyword: feminismo; streaming; plataformas; narrativas; showrunners.

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the evolution and development of feminist plots in the narratives of video on demand (VOD) platforms. With the advent of on-demand television, fictional content in series format has experienced a proliferation as never before in the audiovisual sector; the number of female protagonists has increased in recent years, as well as the number of showrunners or creators of television series. Thus, through a case analysis, twelve television series from the four main streaming content platforms have been studied to verify the presence of fiction series with a predominantly feminist narrative at present. 

Resumen: Este trabajo presenta un análisis sobre la evolución y el desarrollo de las tramas feministas en las narrativas de plataformas de vídeo bajo demanda (VOD). Con la llegada de la televisión a la carta, el contenido de ficción en formato serie ha experimentado una proliferación como nunca dentro del sector audiovisual; el número de personajes protagonistas femeninos ha aumentado en los últimos años, así como las showrunners o creadoras de series de televisión. De este modo, mediante un análisis de caso se han estudiado doce series de televisión de las cuatro principales plataformas de contenido en streaming para comprobar la presencia de series de ficción con narrativa predominantemente feminista en la actualidad.

Idioma: Español-inglés. 

Publicación: 10 de octubre del 2022. 

Volumen: Historia y Comunicación Social. Vol. 27 Núm. 2 (2022): Monográfico: Comunicación y Movimientos Feministas. 

Enlace permanente 

PLATAFORMAS DE 'FACT-CHECKING' Y CONFIANZA: ANÁLISIS DE SUS RELACIONES CON LAS FUENTES Y AUDIENCIAS

Index.comunicación, Vol 14 n°2, pág.165-189. https://doi.org/10.62008/ixc/14/02Plataf

Autor: 

1. María-Ángeles Chaparro-Domínguez; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; ma.chaparro@ucm.es;  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-388X
2. Marcel Mauri-Ríos; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; marcel.mauri@upf.edu; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-8343
3. Ruth Rodríguez-Martínez; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-6126 

Keywords: Confianza; fuentes de información; audiencia; plataformas de fact-checking; desinformación.

Abstract: Trust is a basic aspect in the daily work of fact-checking organizations. This value underpins the relationships they maintain with two key actors in the journalistic process: news sources and  audiences. Based on the discourses of trust (Manninen,  2017) and participatory transparency  (Karlsson,   2010), the aim of this study is to analyse the relationships established between independent fact-checking platforms and their sources, on the one hand, and their audiences, on the other. To this  end, a qualitative content analysis of the websites of 18 initiatives from 18 countries and six in-depth  interviews with editors and/or journalists from six of the projects analysed were carried out. Among the results obtained, it is observed that the organizations make a pragmatic discourse of trust in the use of sources, with official and expert sources being the most widely used. They also place a high level of trust in their audience, which they bring into the journalistic production process, and they implement numerous media literacy actions, a line of work with high potential.

Resumen: La confianza es un aspecto básico en el trabajo diario de las plataformas de fact-checking. Este valor sustenta las relaciones que mantienen con dos actores clave en el proceso periodístico: las fuentes informativas y las audiencias. Partiendo de los discursos de confianza (Manninen,  2017) y de  la transparencia participativa (Karlsson,  2010), el objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones que  establecen las plataformas de fact-checking independientes hacia sus fuentes, por un lado, y sus audiencias, por otro. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de contenido cualitativo de las páginas web de 18  iniciativas de 18 países y seis entrevistas en profundidad a editores/as y/o periodistas de seis de los proyectos analizados. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se observa cómo las plataformas encarnan un discurso de confianza pragmático en el uso de las fuentes, con las oficiales y las expertas como las más utilizadas. Además, otorgan una alta confianza a su audiencia, a la que introducen en el proceso de producción periodístico, y ponen en marcha numerosas acciones de alfabetización mediática, una línea de trabajo con un alto potencial. 

Idioma: Español-inglés

Publicación: 15 de julio del 2024.

Volumen: index.comunicación, Vol 14 n°2, pág.165-189. https://doi.org/10.62008/ixc/14/02Plataf

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Advancing a Radical Audience Turn in Journalism. Fundamental Dilemmas for Journalism Studies

Digital Journalism, Volume 10, 2022 - Issue 1: Advancing the Audience Turn in Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.2024764

Autor: 

1.  Joëlle Swart; Centre for Media and Journalism Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; j.a.c.swart@rug.nl; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-8424
2. Tim Groot Kormelink; Language, Literature and Communication, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5374-7536
3. Irene Costera Meijer; Language, Literature and Communication, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands; 

Abstract: Despite its increasing attention for audiences, journalism studies remains an inherently production-focused discipline. Consequently, studying the perspective of audiences tends to automatically start from questions relevant for and benefitting the news industry. In this introduction, we argue for a more radical audience turn that pushes journalism studies forward beyond normative and industry concerns, and starts from the perspective of audiences themselves. We formulate four constructive starting points for advancing the audience turn in journalism: 1) further decentering journalism by also focusing on non-news and employing non-media centric approaches; 2) broadening who counts as audience by including audiences considered commercially unattractive; 3) shifting the focus from what counts as news use to what is experienced as informative; and 4) positing audiences as active agents. However, such a radical audience turn also creates fundamental dilemmas for journalism studies, raising questions about the field’s object of study, the spaces and contexts of news use considered, and the objectives of journalism studies as a field. With this special issue, we call for further reflections on how news and informational needs may be conceptualized from an audience perspective and how to theorize what this means for journalism’s role in society and everyday life.

Keywords: Audience studies; audience turn; journalism; journalism studies; news use; news consuption.   

Idioma: English. 

Publicación: 16 de febrero del 2022. 

Volumen: Digital Journalism, Volume 10, 2022 - Issue 1: Advancing the Audience Turn in Journalism. 

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Directoras de cine argentinas y españolas. Una década re-creando imaginarios.

Cuadernos.info nº 46 pag 96-128. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.46.1459

Autor: 

1. Trinidad Núñez Domínguez, Facultad de Comunicación, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España, (mtnunez@us.es)  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-7402
2. María Teresa Vera Balanza, Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España, (mvb@uma.es) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3089-4469

Keyword: directoras argentinas; directoras españolas; cine; familias; compromiso político.

Abstract: Even though Latin American cinema is well consolidated now, there are not many comparative studies besides generalist approaches. This article presents an inventory of female Argentine and Spanish directors, as well as their films, from 2000 to 2010, a period marked by the generational change in film industry of both countries and determined by a sociopolitical context democratically consolidated and hampered by economic fluctuations. The objective is twofold: to make women filmmakers visible and to assess their meeting points and divergences. As a method, we chose a descriptive design, applying both a quantitative and qualitative comparative analysis. We conducted a compilation, synthesis, and correlation of works and themes, reaching a corpus of 72 female directors and 138 productions. The results show that there are common issues that reveal the report of unsolved situations for women: motherhood, female homosociality or ideas about love and sex, the experience or the memory of repression, the structural violence of the authoritarian state and the transformations of the ways of life. There are also differences in terms of times and opportunities, styles and genders, which are typical of the coexistence of diverse but creative film trajectories, all of which are stories that break with limited social models and open up to social commitment.

Resumen: Aunque el cine latinoamericano está muy afianzado, existen insuficientes estudios comparados. Este artículo presenta un inventario de directoras y películas argentinas y españolas, desde 2000 a 2010, un período marcado por el relevo generacional en la industria cinematográfica de ambos países y determinado por un contexto sociopolítico consolidado democráticamente y lastrado por los vaivenes económicos. El objetivo es doble: dar visibilidad a las realizadoras y a las temáticas que abordan, y valorar puntos de encuentro y divergencias entre temáticas y representaciones de la realidad. Como método se opta por un diseño descriptivo y la aplicación de un análisis comparativo, tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo. Se efectúa una recopilación, síntesis y correlación de obras y temáticas que alcanza un corpus de 72 directoras y 138 producciones. Los resultados muestran que existen hilos comunes que delatan la denuncia de situaciones no resueltas para las mujeres: la maternidad, la homosociabilidad femenina o las ideas sobre el amor y el sexo, la vivencia o el recuerdo de la represión, la violencia estructural del estado autoritario y las transformaciones de los modos de vida. Acusan diferencias en cuanto a los tiempos y oportunidades, los estilos y los géneros, propias de la coexistencia de trayectorias fílmicas diversas, pero creadoras todas de unos relatos que rompen con modelos sociales limitados y que se abren al compromiso social.

Idioma: Español/inglés.  

Publicación: 13 de abril del 2020.

Volumen: Cuadernos.info nº 46 pag 96-128. 

Enlace permanente

Introduction: touch, click and motion: archaeologies of fashion film after digital culture.

Journal of visual culture Vol 19, n°3 https://doi.org/10.1177/14704129209660

Autor: 

1. Caroline Evans: Professor of Fashion History and Theory at Central Saint Martins, University of the Arts London. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1553-2715
2. Jussi Parikka: School of Communication and Culture, Department of Digital Design and Information Studies; parikka@cc.au.dk;  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2248-6377. 

Keywords: cinema; digital; fashion; film; media archaeology.

Abstract: This article functions as the introduction to the Themed Issue on Archaeologies of Fashion Film. The text introduces fashion film as a genre and as an historically dynamic form of audiovisual expression that we approach through fashion history, media archaeology and new film history. While introducing key concepts and approaches, the authors propose a form of ‘parallax historiography’, a term emerging from Thomas Elsaesser’s work, that links different time periods from early cinema to recent digital platforms, even ‘post-cinema’. The introduction makes references to the contributions in this issue that address historical conditions of emergence, marginal voices in the historical record and unexcavated archival materials; and the issue shows how they all contain feedback loops or recursive traits that resonate in contemporary practice where infrastructures of platforms and data frame the moving image.

Idioma: English. 

Publicación: December 7, 2020.

Volumen: Journal of visual culture Vol 19 n°3. 

Enlace permanente:

Countering Extremists on Social Media: Challenges for Strategic Communication and Content Moderation

Policy & Internet Vol 12 N°1 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.236 

Autor: 

1. Bharath Ganesh: Centre for Media and Journalism Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands and Oxford Internet Institute, Universityof Oxford, Oxford, UK b.ganesh@rug.nl; 
2. Jonathan Bright: Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; jonathan.bright@oii.ox.ac.uk; 

Keywords: social media, extremism, regulation, online platforms, counter messaging, content-moderation, free speech, countering violent extremism, CVE. 

Abstract: Extremist exploitation of social media platforms is an important regulatory question for civil society,government, and the private sector. Extremists exploit social media for a range of reasons—from spreading hateful narratives and propaganda to financing, recruitment, and sharing operational information. Policy responses to this question fit under two headings, strategic communication andcontent moderation. At the center of both of these policy responses is a calculation about how best to limit audience exposure to extremist narratives and maintain the marginality of extremist views, while being conscious of rights to free expression and the appropriateness of restrictions on speech.This special issue on “Countering Extremists on Social Media: Challenges for Strategic Communication and Content Moderation” focuses on one form of strategic communication, countering violent extremism. In this editorial we discuss the background and effectiveness of this approach, and introduce five articles which develop multiple strands of research into responses and solutions to extremist exploitation of social media. We conclude by suggesting an agenda for future research on how multi stake holder initiatives to challenge extremist exploitation of social media are conceived,designed, and implemented, and the challenges these initiatives need to surmount.

Idioma: English. 

Publicación: 16 de marzo del 2020. 

Volumen: Policy & Internet, Vol 12, N°1

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